let's jazz

Nascido do blues, das work songs dos trabalhadores negros norte-americanos, do negro spiritual protestante e do ragtime, o jazz passou por uma extraordinária sucessão de transformações no século XX. É notável como essa música se modificou tão profundamente durante um período de apenas um século.

O termo jazz começa a ser usado no final dos anos 10 e início dos anos 20, para descrever um tipo de música que surgia nessa época em New Orleans, Chicago e New York. Seus expoentes são considerados "oficialmente" os primeiros músicos de jazz: a Original Dixieland Jass Band do cornetista Nick LaRocca, o pianista Jelly Roll Morton (que se auto-denominava "criador do jazz"), o cornetista King Oliver com sua Original Creole Jazz Band, e o clarinetista e sax-sopranista Sidney Bechet. Em seguida, vamos encontrar em Chicago os trompetistas Louis Armstrong e Bix Beiderbecke, e em New York o histriônico pianista Fats Waller e o pioneiro bandleader Fletcher Henderson. Em 1930 o jazz já possui uma "massa crítica" considerável e já se acham consolidadas várias grandes orquestras, como as de Duke Ellington , Count Basie , Cab Calloway e Earl Hines.

A evolução histórica do jazz, assim como da literatura, das artes plásticas e da música clássica, segue um padrão de movimento pendular, com tendências que se alternam apontando em direções opostas. Em meados dos anos 30 surge o primeiro estilo maciçamente popular do jazz, o swing , dançante e palatável, que agradava imensamente às multidões durante a época da guerra. Em 1945 surge um estilo muito mais radical e que fazia menos concessões ao gosto popular, o bebop , que seria revisto, radicalizado e ampliado nos anos 50 com o hard bop . Em resposta à agressividade do bebop e do hard bop, aparece nos anos 50 o cool jazz , com uma proposta intelectualizada que está para o jazz assim como a música de câmara está para a música erudita. O cool e o bop dominam a década de 50, até a chegada do free jazz, dando voz às perplexidades e incertezas dos anos 60. No final dos anos 60, acontece a inevitável fusão do jazz com o rock, resultando primeiro em obras inovadoras e vigorosas, e posteriormente em pastiches produzidos em série e de gosto duvidoso. Hoje existe espaço para cultivar todos os gêneros de jazz, desde o dixieland até o experimentalismo free, desde os velhos e sempre amados standards até as mais ambiciosas composições originais para grandes formações. Mas qual seria o estilo de jazz próprio dos dias de hoje? Talvez o jazz feito com instrumentos eletrônicos - samplers e sequenciadores - num cruzamento com o tecno e o drum´n´bass. Se esse jazz possui a consistência para não se dissolver como tantos outros modismos, só o tempo dirá. in Público.

observations on tumor regression during treatment

Serial megavoltage CT imaging during external beam radiotherapy for non–small-cell lung cancer: • ARTICLEPages 1024-1028 Patrick A. Kupelian, Chester Ramsey, Sanford L. Meeks, Twyla R. Willoughby, Alan Forbes, Thomas H. Wagner and Katja M. Langen

Purpose: The ability to obtain soft-tissue imaging in the treatment room, such as with megavoltage CT imaging, enables the observation of tumor regression during a course of external beam radiation therapy. In this current study, we report on the most extensive study looking at the rate of regression of non–small-cell lung cancers during a course of external beam radiotherapy by analyzing serial megavoltage CT images obtained on 10 patients.

Methods and Materials: The analysis is performed on 10 patients treated with the Helical Tomotherapy Hi*Art device. All 10 patients had non–small-cell lung cancer. A total of 274 megavoltage CT sets were obtained on the 10 patients (average, 27 scans per patient; range, 9–35). All patients had at least a scan at beginning and at the end of treatment. The frequency of scanning was determined by the treating physician. The treatment was subsequently delivered with the Tomotherapy Hi*Art system. The gross tumor volumes (GTVs) were later contoured on each megavoltage CT scan, and tumor volumes were calculated. Although some patients were treated to draining nodal areas in addition to the primary tumor, only the primary GTVs were tracked. Response to treatment was quantified by the relative decrease in tumor volume over time, i.e., elapsed days from the first day of therapy. The individual GTVs ranged from 5.9 to 737.2 cc in volume at the start of treatment. In 6 of the 10 patients, dose recalculations were also performed to document potential variations in delivered doses within the tumors. The megavoltage CT scans were used, and the planned treatment was recalculated on the daily images. The hypothesis was that dose deposited in the target would increase throughout the course of radiotherapy because of tumor shrinkage and subsequent decreasing attenuation. Specifically, the dose received by 95% of the GTV (D95) was monitored over time for each of the 6 patients treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando.

Results: Regression of all 10 lung tumors could be observed on the serial megavoltage CT scans. The decrease in volume was observed at a relatively constant rate throughout the treatments, with no obvious initial or final plateaus. For all 10 tumors, the average decrease in volume was 1.2% per day. However, individual tumor regression rates were observed with a range of 0.6% to 2.3% per day. The lowest rate of shrinkage was observed for the smallest lesion, and the highest rate was observed in the largest lesion. Of the 6 cases in which dose recalculations were performed, 5 demonstrated a small but noticeable gradual increase in deposited doses within the tumor, with the D95 increases ranging from 0.02% to 0.1% per day.

Conclusion: With the advent of in-room soft-tissue imaging techniques such as megavoltage CT imaging with a helical tomotherapy unit, daily documentation of the status of a grossly visible targeted tumor becomes possible. The current study demonstrated that tumor regression can be documented for patients with non–small-cell lung cancer treated with helical tomotherapy. Clinical correlations between the observations made during the course of treatment and ultimate outcomes, e.g. local control, should be investigated

tasting Salamanca

2003/12. foto de xafera_o_la_hija_del_sol. 2005, 10/29 - 11/1. fotos de narcico_boemio.

I edición. art/salamanca/05. arte y ciudad.

aqui nunca es de noche

¿gotham city o salamanca?

convento de san esteban detras del espejo.

plaza mayor.

[if you like travel photography take a look at www.pedrogilberto.net and www.jorgetutor.com]